Uyu munsi mu mateka: Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira: Umunsi uhuza amateka y’u Rwanda, Afurika n’Isi mu murongo w’iterambere n’ubwenge

Hari iminsi ijya kuba nk’indangamirwa y’ibihe, iminsi yanditse mu rutare rw’amateka, aho isi ifata akanya ikibaza uko ibihe byahinduye isura yayo. Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira ni imwe muri iyo minsi yihariye, aho u Rwanda, Afurika n’isi yose bifite ibyo bibukiraho umunsi nk’uyu, nk’aho amateka yahisemo guhuriza ubwenge, impinduka n’amateka mu munsi umwe.

Ni umunsi w’ikirenga ugaragaza ko ibyabaye ejo bishobora kuba isomo ry’uyu munsi, kandi ko ubumenyi n’ubuyobozi bisiga umurage utazima. Ku Rwanda, ni umunsi w’ukwigenga, w’intambwe ya mbere y’ubusugire n’iyubakwa rya Repubulika; muri Afurika, ni umunsi w’ubwiyunge n’ubuhamya bw’intwari zaharaniye kwishyira hamwe; naho ku rwego rw’isi, ni umunsi w’ubwenge, aho umwana witwa Bill Gates yavutse, nyamara akazahindura uburyo isi yose ibaho n’uko ikora.

Iyo usesenguye amateka y’iyi tariki, usanga ifite imigisha n’ibigoye by’ibihe, ariko byose byuzuzanya mu kugaragaza uko umuntu yagiye azamuka ava mu mwijima w’ubujiji ajya mu mucyo w’ubumenyi. Ni umunsi utwibutsa ko ibihe bitajya bihagarara, ko buri munsi ushobora kuba intangiriro y’impinduka, niba gusa abantu bafashe ingamba zo kumva ko amateka ari umusemburo w’ejo heza. Niyo mpamvu nka INGANZO HUB twabateguriye ibintu 10 bidasanzwe, byabaye ku itariki nk’iyi, ukwezi nk’uku ariko mu myaka itandukanye nk’uko byagenywe n’amateka, kandi ni gahunda ngaruka munsi nk’uko twabyiyemeje. Mudutize amaso, turahurane ubwenge dore bwo ntibuvomwa.

1. Ku itariki 28 Ukwakira 1961 –  Iyimikwa rya Repubulika ya mbere mu Rwanda

Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira 1961 ni itariki yanditwse mu mitima y’Abanyarwanda nk’umunsi w’ihinduka rikomeye  ry’amateka y’igihugu. Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi u Rwanda rutegekwa n’ingoma ya Cyami, uyu munsi wabaye intangiriro y’ubuyobozi bushya bushingiye ku bitekerezo bya rubanda n’ubusugire bw’igihugu. Nyuma y’amatora ya referendumu yo ku wa 25 Nzeri 1961 yari agamije kumenya niba Abanyarwanda bashaka gukomeza ubwami cyangwa guhitamo Repubulika, abaturage benshi bahisemo gutangira inzira nshya. Kuri uyu munsi wa 28 Ukwakira, hatangajwe ku mugaragaro ko Repubulika ya mbere ishinzwe, Dominiko Mbonyumutwa agirwa Perezida wa mbere by’agateganyo. Ibyo byabaye umusingi w’ubuyobozi bushya bushingiye ku mategeko, kandi byahaye abaturage icyizere cy’uburinganire n’uruhare mu miyoborere y’igihugu, n’ubwo ari ibyizere byagiye biraza amasinde nyuma y’aho ubuyobozi bwimakaje politiki y’ivangura n’amacakubiri byanagejeje kuri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu w’i 1994. Uyu munsi usigaye wibukwa nk’uwatangije isura nshya y’u Rwanda mu rugendo rw’ubwigenge n’iterambere.

2. 28 Ukwakira 1996 – Intangiriro y’ibikorwa byo guhashya imitwe ya EX-FAR muri Zaïre (RDC)

Mu ntangiriro y’imyaka ya 1995, u Rwanda rwari ruvuye muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, igihugu kicyubatse. Ariko mu nkambi za Zaïre (ubu ni Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo) hari harahungiye abasirikare n’abayobozi b’icyahoze ari ingabo za Leta ya Habyarimana (EX-FAR), bari barimo gutegura ibitero byo gusubira mu gihugu ku ngufu. Kuri 28 Ukwakira 1996, ingabo z’u Rwanda (RPA) zatangiye ibikorwa byo guhagarika iyo mitwe, hagamijwe kurinda umutekano w’igihugu no gukiza abaturage bari baragizwe ingwate n’izo nkambi. Ibi bikorwa byabaye intambara yabaye mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari, ariko kandi byafashije kugarura ituze no gutuma abari impunzi benshi bataha. Uwo munsi usigaye wibukwa nk’igihe cyerekanye ubushake bukomeye bwo kwigira n’ubutwari mu kurengera igihugu.

3. 28 Ukwakira 2019 – Gutangiza ku mugaragaro umushinga wa “Kigali Innovation City”

Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira 2019, u Rwanda rwafashe indi ntambwe igaragara mu rugendo rwo kubaka ubukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi. Kuri uwo munsi, Guverinoma yatangije ku mugaragaro umushinga wa Kigali Innovation City (KIC), ugamije guhuza ikoranabuhanga, uburezi, ubushakashatsi n’ubucuruzi. Uyu mushinga wubatswe hagendewe ku gitekerezo cy’uko ubumenyi ari bwo buteza imbere igihugu, ukaba ugamije gufasha urubyiruko rw’Abanyarwanda n’Abanyafurika kubona amahirwe yo guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga. KIC iri mu mu mujyi wa Kigali mu gace kitwa Special Economic Zone, ikaba izakira za kaminuza z’ubumenyi n’ubucuruzi, ibigo by’ubushakashatsi n’amasosiyete y’ikoranabuhanga mpuzamahanga. Uwo munsi watangije icyizere cy’uko u Rwanda rushobora kuba “Silicon Valley” ya Afurika. Ni ishusho y’uko igihugu cyavuye mu mateka y’inzika kikagana mu bihe by’iterambere rishingiye ku guhanga no ku bumenyi.

4. 28 Ukwakira 1958 – Habaye inama ya mbere y’ibihugu by’Afurika bigamije kwishyira hamwe i Accra (Ghana)

Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira 1958 yanditse mu mateka y’Afurika nk’umunsi w’ihuriro ry’ibitekerezo by’ubwigenge n’ubumwe. Icyo gihe, Kwame Nkrumah, Perezida wa mbere wa Ghana, yakiriye inama yahuje abahagarariye ibihugu byari bimaze kubona ubwigenge ndetse n’ibindi byari bikirwana nabyo. Iyo nama yabereye i Accra yari ifite intego yo gushaka uburyo Afurika yahagarara ku maguru yayo, ikagira ijwi rimwe imbere y’amahanga. Ni yo yatumye havuka imbaraga zashyizeho Organization of African Unity (OAU) mu 1963, iza kuvamo African Union (AU) y’ubu. Uwo munsi wibukwa nk’intangiriro y’inyigisho za “Pan-Africanism” — igitekerezo cy’uko Afurika ifite ubusugire n’ububasha bwo kwiyobora. Ni urugero rwerekana ko mbere y’uko Afurika isaba ubufasha, yari ifite abahanuzi b’ubwisanzure n’abashaka kwiyubakira ejo hazaza h’ubumwe n’ubwigenge.

5. 28 Ukwakira 1974 – Gutaha ku mugaragaro urugomero rwa Aswan High Dam mu Misiri

Mu mateka y’iterambere rya Afurika, urugomero rwa Aswan High Dam ni kimwe mu bikorwa bikomeye byubatswe ku mugabane. Kuri 28 Ukwakira 1974, Perezida Anwar Sadat wa Misiri yatashye ku mugaragaro uru rugomero ruri ku mugezi wa Nile, rwari rwaratangijwe ku ngoma ya Gamal Abdel Nasser. Uru rugomero rwahinduye isura y’ubukungu bwa Misiri, rutanga amashanyarazi, rufasha mu kuhira ubutaka, no gucunga amazi y’umugezi wa Nile ku buryo butunganye. Nubwo rwagize ingaruka ku bidukikije, Aswan Dam yabaye isomo ku bihugu byinshi bya Afurika byiyemeje guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo bikomeye. Uyu munsi wibukwa nk’umunsi Misiri yigaragaje nk’igihugu cyashoboye kwiyubakira ubushobozi bwo gucunga umutungo kamere wacyo, kandi ushimangira isano iri hagati y’ubwenge bwa muntu n’imbaraga z’ubutaka.

6. 28 Ukwakira 2005 – Kwemezwa ku rwego rwa Afurika gahunda yo kurwanya ruswa

Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira 2005, mu nama yabereye i Addis Ababa muri Etiyopiya, abayobozi b’Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe (AU) bemeje ku mugaragaro African Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption — amasezerano agamije kurwanya ruswa n’imicungire mibi y’imari. Uwo munsi wabaye intangiriro y’urugendo rwo kubaka Afurika ifite imiyoborere ishingiye ku kuri, ku butabera no ku burenganzira bwa rubanda. Amasezerano yashishikarije ibihugu gushyiraho amategeko n’inzego zirwanya ruswa, no gutuma imari ya rubanda ikoreshwa neza. Wari umunsi w’iteka mu mateka y’ubuyobozi bwa Afurika, kuko wagaragaje ubushake bwo guhindura isura y’umugabane uhorana ibibazo by’imiyoborere. Ni ikimenyetso cy’uko Afurika yari itangiye gucengera mu muryango w’amahanga nk’umugabane ushaka gukorera mu mucyo no guteza imbere abaturage bawo.

7. 28 Ukwakira 1492 – umugabo witwa Christopher Columbus aturutse mu burayi, yavumbuye ubutaka bwa Cuba 

Kuri uyu munsi mu mwaka wa 1492, Christopher Columbus, umunya-Espagne ukomoka mu Butaliyani, yageze ku birwa bya Cuba mu rugendo rwe rwa mbere rwo gushaka inzira nshya igana ku mugabane w’Aziya. Yatekerezaga ko ari hafi y’igihugu cy’u Bushinwa, nyamara yari yinjiye mu ruhande rushya rw’isi nshya, Amerika. Iyi tariki yabaye intangiriro y’ibihe bishya mu mateka y’isi, aho ibihugu by’i Burayi byatangiye kwagura ubukoloni, bigahindura amateka y’isi yose. Nubwo urugendo rwa Columbus rufatwa nk’urufungura “isi nshya,” rwazanye n’imibabaro ikomeye y’abaturage kavukire b’Amerika batakaje ubutaka n’umuco. Uwo munsi rero ni uw’amateka y’impinduka: aho isi yakuye isomo ry’uko ubushakashatsi bushobora kuvumbura byinshi, ariko nanone bukwiye kugendera ku butabera n’icyubahiro cy’ubuzima bwa muntu.

8. 28 Ukwakira 1886 – Hatashywe ku mugaragaro ikibumbano cyose “Statue of Liberty” i New York

Kuri 28 Ukwakira 1886, mu mujyi wa New York, hatashywe ku mugaragaro Statue of Liberty, igihangano cyatanzwe n’Abafaransa nk’impano ku Banyamerika. Iyo shusho ikozwe mu muringa, itambaje mu kirere cya Ellis Island, yaje kuba ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’ubwisanzure, ubwigenge, n’amahirwe. Ku bimukira  bahunze ibihugu byabo bashakira ubuzima bushya muri iki gihugu, iyo shusho yabaye nk’ikirere cy’icyizere kibabwira ngo “murakaza neza.” Uyu munsi w’itangizwa ryacyo wibutsa isi ko indangagaciro z’ubwisanzure n’uburenganzira bwa muntu zifite agaciro kadasanzwe. Statue of Liberty yabaye urumuri rutazima rwerekana ko ubwisanzure atari impano ihabwa bamwe, ahubwo ari uburenganzira bwa buri wese. Ni ikimenyetso cy’uko ubufatanye hagati y’amahanga bushobora kuvamo umurage w’amahoro n’iterambere.

9. 28 Ukwakira 1922 – Benito Mussolini yafashe ubutegetsi mu Butaliyani

Mu mwaka wa 1922, ku itariki ya 28 Ukwakira, Benito Mussolini n’ishyaka rye rya Fascisti bakoze igikorwa cyiswe Marcia su Roma — urugendo rwo kwigarurira ubutegetsi mu Butaliyani. Uwo munsi, Umwami Victor Emmanuel III yocyejwe igitutu gikomeye maze ahitamo guha Mussolini inshingano zo kuba Minisitiri w’Intebe. Icyo gikorwa cyahinduye isura y’u Burayi, gitangira ubutegetsi bwa “Fascism” bwari bushingiye ku guhatira abaturage no gukandamiza ubwisanzure. N’ubwo Mussolini yaje gufatanya na Hitler mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi, itariki ya 28 Ukwakira igaragaza isomo rikomeye: ko ubutegetsi bushingiye ku kwishyira hejuru n’igitugu bushira vuba, naho ubuyobozi bushingiye ku butabera n’ukuri bukaramba. Uwo munsi usigaye wibutsa isi akaga ko guha imbaraga umuntu umwe kurusha igihugu cye.

Kuri iyi tariki mu mwaka wa 1955, Bill Gates yavukiye i Seattle muri Leta ya Washington, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Uwo mwana w’umuhanga mu bitekerezo yaje kuba umwe mu bantu bahinduye isura y’isi y’ikoranabuhanga. Afatanyije na mugenzi we Paul Allen, yashinze kompanyi ya Microsoft, yahinduye uburyo isi ikoresha mudasobwa, ikanafasha ikoranabuhanga kugera ku bantu bose. Uyu munsi w’ivuka rye ufatwa nk’itangiriro ry’igihe cy’ubwenge bw’ikoranabuhanga, cyahinduye uburyo isi ikora, ikiga n’uko abantu bavugana. Uretse kuba umuherwe, Gates yaragiye amenyekana cyane nk’umuntu ukunda gufasha, abinyujije muri Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Ivuka rye ritwibutsa ko impano y’ubwenge iyo ishyizwe mu murongo w’ubumuntu, ishobora guhindura isi mu buryo burambye.

Iyo amateka y’isi yegeranyirijwe mu munsi umwe, aba nk’isomo ryanditse mu gitabo cy’ibihe, aho umuntu yisanga ari umunyeshuri uhoraho mu ishuri ry’igihe. Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira ni umwe muri iyo minsi itwigisha ko ubuzima bw’amahanga n’ubw’abantu bugira aho buhurira: aho impinduka, ubwenge n’ubuyobozi byahuriye mu rukundo rwo guhindura isi.

Ku Rwanda, uyu munsi wagaragaje isura nshya y’igihugu cyiyemeje kwiyobora no kwihesha agaciro. Wibutsa intangiriro ya Repubulika, urugendo rwo kwigira, n’ubutwari bwo kurinda umutekano w’igihugu. Muri Afurika, ni umunsi w’ihuriro ry’ibitekerezo by’ubwiyunge, ubumwe, n’iterambere, aho abakuru bayo bagerageje gucengera mu ntego y’ubukungu n’imiyoborere ishingiye ku kuri. Ku rwego rw’Isi, 28 Ukwakira yibutsa ko ubushakashatsi, ubuhanzi, n’ubwenge bw’umuntu bifite imbaraga zishobora guhindura amateka — ariko bikwiye kugendera ku ndangagaciro y’ubumuntu n’ubutabera.

Iyi tariki itwigisha ko amateka atari urutonde rw’ibyabaye gusa, ahubwo ni isoko y’amasomo y’ejo hazaza. Buri gihugu, buri mugabane, n’umuntu ku giti cye, agomba kuyasomamo impamba yo gukomeza urugendo rwo kubaka isi ifite amahoro, iterambere n’ubwenge bwifashishwa mu nyungu rusange. Tariki ya 28 Ukwakira rero si umunsi wo kwibuka gusa, ahubwo ni urwibutso rw’uko umuntu ashobora kuvuka akavumbura isi, cyangwa igihugu kigahinduka kikaba icyitegererezo — igihe cyose gifashe amateka yacyo nk’indorerwamo y’ejo heza.