Isi ifite umwenda wa Triyoni 323 z’amadorari: Isi yafashe umwenda ute, yawufashe he, izawishyura gute?

Umwenda w’Isi ni ijambo rikunze kugarukwaho mu itangazamakuru no mu biganiro by’ubukungu, ugasobanurwa nk’inyungu zose zishyurwa ku nguzanyo zafashwe n’ibihugu, amasosiyete ndetse n’ingo mu bice bitandukanye by’Isi. Iyo tuvuga “umwenda w’Isi” ntibivuze ko Isi nyirizina ifite uwo mwenda, ahubwo bivuga igiteranyo cy’amafaranga yose y’inguzanyo yafashwe n’ibihugu, abantu n’ibigo bikorera kuri iyi si, bityo bikaba bisa n’aho Isi ubwayo yishyizemo umwenda rusange.

Kugeza mu mpera z’umwaka wa 2024, ikigo cy’Abanyemari Mpuzamahanga (Institute of International Finance, IIF) cyatangaje ko uyu mwenda w’Isi wageze ku rwego rwa tiriliyoni 323 z’amadolari ya Amerika, imibare y’ikirenga idaheruka kubaho mu mateka y’ubukungu. Mu gihe kimwe, Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) cyagaragaje ko umwenda wa za Leta wonyine wageze kuri tiriliyoni 102. Ibi bituma hagaragara ikibazo gikomeye ku bukungu bw’Isi, by’umwihariko ku bihugu bikennye bikeneye amafaranga menshi yo gushora mu bikorwa by’iterambere ariko bikabyirengagiza kubera gutanga menshi mu kwishyura inguzanyo.

Umwenda w’Isi ukomoka mu bice bitatu bikuru: Hari umwenda wa Leta, aho guverinoma ziba zarafashe inguzanyo imbere mu gihugu cyangwa hanze yacyo kugira ngo zunganire ingengo y’imari. Hari umwenda w’ibigo by’ubucuruzi, aho amasosiyete akoresha amafaranga y’inguzanyo mu kubaka ibikorwa bishya no gukomeza imirimo. Hari n’umwenda w’ingo, ufitwe n’abaturage ku giti cyabo mu gihe bafata inguzanyo zo kubaka inzu, kwiga cyangwa gukora ubucuruzi buto. Iyo ibi byose byegeranyijwe ni byo bitanga icyo twita umwenda rusange w’Isi.

Mu mwaka wa 2024 wonyine, mu mezi icyenda ya mbere, umwenda w’Isi wiyongereyeho tiriliyoni 12. Amerika n’u Bushinwa byagize uruhare runini mu kongera iyo mibare kubera ubunini bw’ubukungu bwabyo n’uburyo bifata inguzanyo nyinshi mu rwego rwo gukomeza ibikorwa by’imbere mu gihugu no mu rwego rw’isi. Ibi bituma isi yose igaragara nk’aho yaheranwe n’umwenda, nubwo mu by’ukuri buri gihugu, buri kigo cyangwa buri rugo ari byo bifata inguzanyo mu buryo butandukanye.

Abahanga mu bukungu bemeza ko ikibazo gikomeye kigaragara muri iyi mibare ari uko ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere bigeze aho bisohora amafaranga menshi mu kwishyura inyungu z’inguzanyo kuruta ashyirwa mu bikorwa by’ingenzi nk’ubuvuzi, uburezi n’iterambere ry’ibikorwaremezo. Muri ibyo bihugu, amafaranga yishyurwa ku nguzanyo afatwa nk’aho asubiza inyuma iterambere ry’ubukungu kuko acukura umutungo wagombaga kwifashishwa mu guhindura imibereho myiza y’abaturage.

Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Bucuruzi n’Iterambere (UNCTAD) ryerekanye ko umwenda wa Leta ku isi hose wageze kuri tiriliyoni 102, bikaba bigaragariza buri wese ko ikibazo cy’umwenda wa Leta kitakiri icy’ibihugu bike byugarijwe n’ubukene, ahubwo kimaze gufata isi yose. Iki ni igipimo cyerekana ko umwenda ushobora kuba intandaro y’ihungabana ry’ubukungu ku rwego rw’isi yose, kuko iyo igihugu kinanirwa kwishyura kiba gitumye n’abandi bahagurukira mu bibazo.

Umwenda usanzwe uba igikoresho cy’ingenzi mu iterambere. Gufata inguzanyo bishobora gufasha igihugu cyangwa ikigo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga minini idashoboka gusanwa n’amafaranga asanzwe ahari. Ariko iyo umwenda urenze urugero, uba umutwaro. Iyo inyungu zishyurwa ku nguzanyo zisumba amafaranga agenerwa ibikorwa by’iterambere, icyo gihe umwenda uba icyorezo. Iyo ibihugu byinshi byikoreye uwo mutwaro icyarimwe, ni ho twavuga ko isi yose yaba yirengeye umutwaro w’umwenda.

Ni muri urwo rwego, iyo umuntu yumvise ijambo “umwenda w’Isi” agomba kumva ko ari igiteranyo cy’inguzanyo zafashwe hirya no hino, aho buri wese ku giti cye cyangwa buri gihugu kiba gifitemo igice. Isi ntifite konti cyangwa ikigega gikora mu izina ryayo, ariko kubera ko turi ku isi imwe, ubukungu bw’ibihugu n’ibigo bwuzuzanya, ibibazo by’umwenda mu gihugu kimwe bishobora kugira ingaruka mu kindi, bityo ikibazo kikagira isura y’isi yose.

Iyo usubije amaso inyuma, usanga umwenda ari nk’inkota ifite impande ebyiri: ushobora guteza imbere ubukungu igihe ukoreshwe neza, ariko kandi ushobora gusubiza inyuma igihugu cyangwa isi yose igihe warenze urugero. Icyo ni cyo gituma amakuru y’iyongera ry’umwenda ku rwego rw’Isi akomeza gutera impungenge.

Ni nde uzishyura uwo mwenda, kandi isi yanze kwishyura byagenda bite?

Umwenda w’Isi nk’uko twabivuze haruguru, ntufitwe n’isi nyirizina nk’umubumbe, ahubwo ufite beneyo: ibihugu, ibigo by’ubucuruzi n’abaturage ku giti cyabo. Abo bose ni bo bagomba kuwishyura bitewe n’inguzanyo buri wese yafashe. Iyo ari igihugu cyafashe inguzanyo, guverinoma ishyira imbere gahunda yo kuyishyura binyuze mu misoro ikusanywa ku baturage n’ibigo by’ubucuruzi, cyangwa se ikongera gufata izindi nguzanyo zisimbura izo yabanje. Iyo ari ibigo by’ubucuruzi, bishyura umwenda mu nyungu ziva mu nyungu y’ubucuruzi bwabyo. Iyo ari ingo cyangwa abantu ku giti cyabo, bishyura binyuze mu mishahara cyangwa indi mitungo bafite.

None se byagenda bite iyo habayeho kunanirwa kwishyura? Iyo igihugu kigeze mu rwego rwo kudashobora kwishyura imyenda cyafashe, icyo bita “default” cyangwa “kirizi y’umwenda”, bishobora gutuma abamuhaye amafaranga bahomba. Ibi bibaho cyane mu bihugu bikennye, aho bishobora gutuma abashinzwe gutanga inguzanyo nka Banki y’Isi, Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) cyangwa amasoko mpuzamahanga y’imari bagabanya ubushake bwo kongera kuguriza. Igihugu kiba gifite amahitamo make: cyangwa kikagabanya ibikorwa by’ingenzi byo guteza imbere abaturage kugira ngo gishake amafaranga yo kwishyura, cyangwa se kikagirana ibiganiro n’abamuhaye inguzanyo bigamije kongera igihe cyo kwishyura no kugabanya inyungu.

Ikibazo cyo kwibaza “isi yanze kwishyura yabibazwa nande?” ntigifite igisubizo kimwe. Kubera ko isi ari igitekerezo rusange kandi idafite “ikigega kimwe cy’isi”, ntabwo habaho ubazwa mu buryo bw’inyito y’isi yose. Ahubwo, buri gihugu cyangwa ikigo cyananirwa kwishyura ni cyo kibazwa n’abagihaye amafaranga. Ni yo mpamvu hari inzego mpuzamahanga nka IMF na Banki y’Isi, zihagararira inyungu z’abatanga inguzanyo kandi zigafasha no kugena uburyo bwo gucyemura ibibazo by’umwenda ku bihugu byagizweho ingaruka.

Mu yandi magambo, Isi ntiyagira umunsi umwe ihanga cyangwa ngo ifate umwanzuro w’igatangaza ko yanze kwishyura umwenda ibereyemo Isi ubwayo. Ahubwo ibihugu ku giti cyabyo cyangwa ibigo bikomeye byananirwa kwishyura, bigatera umusaruro mubi ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Uko kunanirwa kwishyura ni ko kwitwa “kirizi y’umwenda,” kuko kugenda gusakara ku bandi bose bagiranye imikoranire n’icyo gihugu cyangwa icyo kigo.

Ni cyo gituma abahanga mu bukungu bemeza ko ikibazo cy’umwenda w’Isi kitagomba gufatwa gusa nk’imibare, ahubwo kigomba kwitabwaho nk’uburyo bwo kurengera abaturage. Kuko mu mpera, abishyura uwo mwenda atari “Isi” mu buryo bw’inyito, ahubwo ari abaturage bayirimo, ari bo bishyura imisoro, bagabanyirizwa serivisi z’ibanze cyangwa bagasabwa guhangana n’ubukungu bumeze nabi igihe igihugu cyabo cyananiwe kwishyura.

👉 Bityo, umwenda w’Isi ni igipimo cyerekana uburyo ubukungu bw’isi yose buhuje, ariko kandi ukibutsa ko abawishyura atari isi, ahubwo ari abantu bayituye n’ibihugu biyibumbiyeho. Birashoboka ko iyi waba ari yo nkuru ya mbere usomeye kuri INGANZO HUB, nimba uyikunze, kurikira Channel ya WhatsApp ukanze kuri iyo link iri munsi ujye ubona amakuru tubagezaho ku gihe https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vad5UfC89inh67apBK2j