Kuri iyi tariki 01 Ugushyingo mu mwaka w’ 1959 ni wo munsi wa mbere abatutsi batangiye kwicirwaho mu kiswe “umuyaga”

UMUYAGA W’IMPINDURAMATWARA Y’U RWANDA (1959–1961)

“La Toussaint Rwandaise” – Umunsi w’ubutita wahinduye amateka y’igihugu

1.  Imvura y’imvururu mu gihugu cy’amahoro y’ibyiyumvo n’umutima

Ku itariki ya 1 Ugushyingo 1959, mu gihugu cy’u Rwanda cyari kitarabona ubwigenge, habaye ibyahinduye icyerekezo cy’amateka yacyo. Uwo munsi, mu nkuru yaje kumenyekana nka “Umuyaga” cyangwa “La Toussaint Rwandaise”, hatangiye imvururu n’imidugararo by’ingeri nyinshi byaranzwe n’ubwicanyi, itwikwa ry’imitungo, n’impunzi za mbere z’Abatutsi zasohotse mu gihugu.

Ibyabaye kuri uwo munsi byabaye nk’ikimenyetso cy’itangira ry’impinduramatwara y’abaturage (Peasant Revolution), yaje kumenyekana nk’Impinduramatwara y’u Rwanda (Rwandan Revolution), yarangiye ihiritse ubutegetsi bwa cyami, ishinga Repubulika ya mbere iyobowe n’Abahutu.

2. Amavu n’amavuko y’amacakubiri: Inkomoko mu bukoloni

Mu myaka ya mbere y’ubukoloni bw’Abadage (1899–1916) n’Ababiligi (1916–1962), u Rwanda rwabaye isomo ry’isesengura rya politiki yo “gucamo abantu ibice kugira ngo ubayobore” — divide and rule.

Nk’uko bisanzwe, mu moko atandukanye atuye isi, aba afite byinshi atandukaniyeho ku bijyanye n’imiterere y’umubiri, ku buryo ibyo bishobora kwifashishwa nk’ikirango cy’abo kwa runaka kandi bikaba ntan’icyo bitwaye.  Iyo bigeze ku bwenegihugu rero,  Nuri gihugu kigira amoko atandukanye agituye,  ariko ibyo ntibiba bisobanuye ko ubwo batandukanye mu bwoko gakondo bisobanuye ko badahuje umuco, intego, igihugu… ni uko byagenze abakoroni bajya guhitamo politiki ya mbatanye mbayobore, kuko basanze mu moko atandukanye ari mu Rwanda yunze ubumwe nta nzigo agira ndetse bubaha umwami.

Abakoloni, babonye mu Batutsi ishusho y’ubuyobozi n’ubuhanga by’ibisekuruza by’amazuru maremare n’imiterere itandukanye n’iy’Abahutu, nuko babashyira  imbere mu myanya y’ubutegetsi, uburezi, n’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze (Divide…).

Mu 1933–1935, Ababiligi binyuze mu bapadiri b’Abaholandi (Missionnaires du Saint-Esprit), bashyizeho ikarita y’indangamoko (identity card) yandikwagaho “Hutu”, “Tutsi” cyangwa “Twa”. Iyi karita yabaye intwaro y’ubusumbane — itandukanya Abanyarwanda mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.

Aho ni ho inkomoko y’urwango rwatangiye gufata isura ya politiki. Abahutu benshi batangiye kubona ko ubutegetsi n’ubuzima bwose bw’igihugu byigaruriwe n’ubwoko bw’Abatutsi n’Ababiligi.

3. Ibihe byo kwiyegeranya: Ubutumwa bw’abamisiyoneri n’impinduka z’ikirere cya politiki

Mu myaka ya nyuma ya 1950, isi yose yari mu gihe cy’impinduramatwara za politiki mu bihugu bya Afurika. Mu Rwanda, Kiliziya Gatolika yari imaze kubona ko gukomeza gushyigikira ubuyobozi bw’Abatutsi byabangamira imigambi y’ubutumwa bwayo. Bityo, bamwe mu bapadiri, cyane cyane Ababiligi, batangiye guhuza n’Abahutu baharaniraga uburenganzira bwo gutorwa no kugira ijambo mu butegetsi.

Mu 1957, itsinda ry’abanyabwenge b’Abahutu ryasohoye inyandiko y’ingenzi yiswe “Manifeste des Bahutu” — ibaruwa ifunguye yagaragazaga uburyo Abatutsi bafashijwe n’Ababiligi mu kwambura Abahutu ububasha mu gihugu cyabo. Iyi nyandiko niyo yafunguye umuryango w’ukwigaragambya ku mugaragaro.

Abatutsi bo, binyuze mu miryango nka UNAR (Union Nationale Rwandaise), bashakaga ubwigenge bwihuse kandi bwitiriwe umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. Ku ruhande rw’Abahutu, habayeho amashyaka nka PARMEHUTU ya Grégoire Kayibanda, yashyigikirwaga na Kiliziya n’Ababiligi.

4. Itangira ry’“Umuyaga”: Icyateye inkongi

Ku itariki ya 1 Ugushyingo 1959, Dominique Mbonyumutwa, umwe mu bahutu bake bari mu nzego z’ubutegetsi bw’icyo gihe, bivugwa ko yagabweho igitero n’abayoboke ba UNAR. Igihuha cy’nkuru ivuga y’uko yaba yishwe cyakwirakwijwe nk’umuriro mu mashyamba.

Mu masaha make, inkongi y’urwango yahise ikwira igihugu hose. Mu majyaruguru, mu majyepfo, mu burengerazuba — imidugudu n’ingo z’Abatutsi zaratwitswe, bamwe baricwa, abandi barahunga, uwo  ni wo munsi wa mbere abatutsi batangiriyeho kujujubywa mu gihugu cyabo.

Ibyo ni byo byiswe “La Toussaint Rwandaise” — izina ryafashwe kuko byabaye ku munsi w’abatagatifu bose (All Saints’ Day). Ku ruhande rw’Abahutu, byafatwaga nk’iherezo ry’akarengane; ku ruhande rw’Abatutsi, byari itangiriro ry’amateka y’ihunga n’ubuhunzi.

5. Icyo ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi bwakoze

Ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi bwari buhagarariwe na Colonel Guy Logiest, waje mu Rwanda mu mpera za 1959, bwashatse gusubiza ibintu ku murongo ariko ntibwatunganya ibintu uko byari bisanzwe.

Logiest yatanze amabwiriza yo gukura mu myanya y’ubuyobozi abatware n’abasushefu b’Abatutsi, ashyiraho Abahutu. Ibyo byahise bihindura isura ya politiki y’u Rwanda — ubutegetsi buva mu biganza by’Abatutsi buhabwa Abahutu.

Byongeye, mu 1960, habaye amatora y’inzego z’ibanze (communes) — yatanze ubutegetsi ku ishyaka rya PARMEHUTU ryaharaniragw impinduramatwara y’abaturage b’abahutu. Uko amajwi yagiye atangwa, Abahutu babonye ububasha bwa politiki bwa mbere mu mateka y’igihugu.

6. Ingaruka z’“Umuyaga”: Ubuhunzi n’ubutegetsi bushya

Kuva mu 1959 kugeza mu 1961, igihugu cyabaye mu kavuyo. Abatutsi ibihumbi byinshi barishwe, abandi barahunze bajya mu bihugu bituranyi by’i Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, na Congo. Abahungiye hanze baje kwitwa “Inyenzi” (Ingangurarugo ziyemeje kugarura umwami).

Mu 1961, referendumu yemeje ko ubwami bukurwaho, maze Grégoire Kayibanda atangazwa nk’Umukuru wa Repubulika ya mbere y’u Rwanda. Ibi byarangije igihe kirekire cy’ubutegetsi bwa cyami, bitangira igihe cy’ubutegetsi bushingiye ku ishyaka rimwe n’ubwoko bumwe.

7. Impinduka n’isesengura: Inkomoko y’inzigo y’igihe kirekire

“Umuyaga” ntiwari igikorwa cyo kurwanya umwami gusa — wari impinduka z’ubuyobozi, imyumvire, n’imibanire y’Abanyarwanda. Ariko kandi, icyo gihe cyasize urwobo rurerure rw’amacakubiri.

Abahutu batangiye kubona ko ari igihe cyabo cyo kwitura imyaka myinshi y’akarengane, mu gihe Abatutsi babonye ko bahindutse “abanyamahanga” mu gihugu cyabo. Ubwo bwumvikane buke bwahoranye ingaruka zikomeye:

Amacakubiri y’ubwoko yagumye mu mitima y’abantu.

Abahungiye hanze bagize umutima wo kugaruka ku gahato kubera ko batemererwaga gutaha mu gihugu cyabo ku neza, bitera intambara nyinshi mu myaka yakurikiyeho.

U Rwanda rwabonye ubwigenge mu 1962, ariko rutari mu mahoro nyayo.

—

8. Umuyaga mu ndorerwamo y’amateka: Inkomoko y’intambara n’itsembabwoko

Ibyabaye mu 1959 byabaye umusingi w’ibyabaye mu 1990–1994.

Abana b’impunzi z’Abatutsi bahungiye hanze, babuze uburenganzira bwo kugaruka mu gihugu cyabo, bahuriye mu ngabo z’Inkotanyi (RPF), batangiza intambara yo kugarura impunzi no kurwana urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu.

Iyo ntambara yaje kuvamo itsembabwoko ry’Abatutsi mu 1994, aho Abatutsi barenga miliyoni bishwe mu mezi atatu. Mu by’ukuri, imizi y’ayo mahano ifite imizi ikomeye muri wa “Muyaga” wa 1959.

9.  Ibyo amateka atwigisha

“Umuyaga” wa 1959 ntukwiye gusa kwibukwa nk’imvururu yatangije urupfu n’ubuhunzi — ahubwo ni isomo rikomeye ku Rwanda n’isi yose ku bijyanye n’uko:

Ubukoloni bushobora kubiba urwango hagati y’abantu basangiye igihugu n’umuco.

Politiki yo gutonesha itsinda rimwe ishobora gusenya umuryango mugari.

Kubura ubutabera bw’ukuri n’ubwiyunge bituma amateka asubirwamo.

Uyu munsi, u Rwanda rushya rukomeje kubaka isura nshya y’ubumwe, rukarenga ku mateka y’ivangura n’irondabwoko. Ariko kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho burundu, ni ngombwa kwibuka, gusobanukirwa no gucengera ibyabaye — kugira ngo amateka asa n’aho ahindutse “umuyaga”, adasubira gusenya, ahubwo abe “umuyaga w’amahoro”.

> “Ku itariki ya mbere Ugushyingo 1959, umuyaga wanyuze mu tununga n’imisozi miremire y’u Rwanda — umuyaga utari usanzwe, umuyaga wahinduye amateka. Uwo muyaga w’amaraso, w’amaganya, n’icyizere gishya, wasize igihugu gihindutse burundu. Uyu munsi, dusubiza amaso inyuma, ntabwo dushaka gusa kumenya ibyabaye, ahubwo turashaka kumenya impamvu byabaye — kugira ngo bizatubere isomo ryo kubaka ejo heza, aho umuyaga w’amahoro uzasimbura umuyaga w’amaraso.”