Ububiko bw’amakuru bwa miliyari 5$ mu mishinga itegereje ingufu za nucléaire mu Rwanda

Byitezwe ko mu 2030, AI izongera miliyari ibihumbi 15$ ku bukungu bw’Isi, icyakora kugira ngo bigerweho hari inkingi mwikorezi zizabigiramo uruhare; amashanyarazi nk’izingiro ry’imirimo y’iterambere hafi ya yose.

Iri koranabuhanga rigezweho rikenera ububiko bw’amakuru, ibikorwaremezo bikenera amashanyarazi menshi ku buryo hari n’ibigo biteganya kubyubaka ku yindi mibumbe ngo bibone ingufu nyinshi kurusha iziri ku Isi.

Ibi bikorwaremezo biba byuzuyemo za mudasobwa n’ibindi bikoresho bibika amakuru biba bikora amasaha 24 ku yandi, bikenera ingufu nyinshi.

Nko mu 2024, umuriro wakoreshejwe mu bubiko bw’amakuru wari ugeze kuri terawatt 415 (megawatt miliyoni 415). Aya ni amashanyarazi ashobora gucanira ingo miliyoni 41 mu gihe cy’umwaka ndetse bijyanye n’uburyo ikoranabuhanga riri gutera imbere biteganyijwe ko iyi ngano izikuba kabiri mu 2030.

Ibigo nka Google, Microsoft, Amazon na Meta byashoye akayabo mu bijyanye n’ububiko bw’amakuru kugira ngo serivisi zabyo zitangwe nta nkomyi. Kwa kundi ushakisha amakuru uhite uyabona ako kanya.

Nk’ibigo bibika amakuru ya Google mu 2024 byakoresheje amashanyarazi angana na megawatt million 30,4. Ni uko ibi byuma bikenera umuriro mwinshi kuko na byo bikora imirimo myinshi nko gusesengura amakuru vuba kandi nta guhagarara.

Ibi ni na ko bimeze ku ruhererekane nyongeragaciro rw’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro kubera ko imashini zikenera amashanyarazi menshi ngo aya mabuye abyazwe umusaruro.

Hari nk’amabuye y’agaciro ashongeshwa kugeza kuri 1.600 °C, ibi ntabwo biba bikeneye umuriro ucikagurika cyangwa udafite ingufu.

Nk’ikigo cya Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) kiri mu binini ku Isi bitunganya ‘alminium’ giherereye i Pittsburgh muri Leta ya Pennsylvania gikoresha hafi megawatt 4000 z’amashanyarazi mu nganda zacyo zishongesha.

Rio Tinto izwiho kuba ikigo cya mbere mu gucukura copper, aluminum na iron, ku mwaka ikoresha terawatt 12 mu bikorwa byayo bitandukanye. Ni amashanyarazi menshi u Rwanda rutararota gutunga kuko ni megawatt miliyoni 12 mu gihe u Rwanda rukora megawatt 406.

Ingufu za nucléaire ziri mu bisubizo biri kwisungwa cyane kuko hifashishwa ibiyakora bike bigakora amashanyarazi menshi kandi afite ingufu, ahoraho igihe cyose hirindwa ko yavaho ibigo bigahomba.

Nk’ikilo kimwe cya Uranium cyakora ingufu zingana n’izakorwa na toni 1500 z’amakara. Ikindi nta myuka yanduye yohereza mu kirere.

Ingufu za nucléaire, ishyiga ry’inyuma mu mirimo y’ikoranabuhanga n’iy’ubucukuzi

U Rwanda rukataje mu kwisunga izi ngufu za nucléaire, cyane ko ari igihugu kidakora ku nyanja ngo kibone amazi menshi yabyazwa amashanyarazi ajyanye n’aho rugana muri rya koranabuhanga.

Byitezwe ko mu 2030 ruzaba rufite uruganda rukora ingufu za nucléaire zingana na megawatt 600, rukazajya rwongererwa ubushobozi ku buryo mu 2050 ruzaba rufite amashanyarazi angana na megawatt 1500 akomoka kuri izi ngufu za nucléaire.

Minisitiri w’Ikoranabunganga na Inovasiyo, Ingabire Paula, n’Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Mine, Peteroli na Gazi, Alice Uwase, bagaragaje uburyo imishinga y’ikorabuhanga rigezweho n’iy’ubucukuzi izishingikiriza kuri izi ngufu.

Ingabire yavuze ko atari u Rwanda cyangwa Afurika gusa biri kwibanda kuri izi ngufu ahubwo Isi muri rusange iri muri uyu mujyo wo guteza imbere uru rwego, ariko ko bisaba ibitekerezo bishya aho gukomeza mu mujyo wa kera.

Yavuze ko imishinga y’ingufu za nucléaire ishorwamo menshi ariko bigafata igihe kirekire cyo kuyagaruza, ibivuze ko niba igihugu gifite iyi mishinga kigomba kugaragaza uburyo ikwiriye guterwa inkunga n’uburyo ibyara inyungu.

Ati “Umushinga w’uruganda rwa nucléaire usamirwa hejuru n’abashoramari iyo byibuze 60%-70% by’amashanyarazi ukora aba gurishwa ku nganda nini aho kwizera ko azagurwa na leta gusa ukajyanwa mu miyoboro yayo.”

Abashoramari cyangwa ibigo by’imari biba bishaka kumenya niba umuriro igihugu cyangwa ikigo runaka gikora, uzakoreshwa igihe cyose utavaho, ibigo na byo byagurishije uwo muriro bikabasha kwishyura urwego rukazamuka.

Yavuze ko ibigo bifatwa nk’inkingi mwikorezi muri uru rwego ari bya bindi umuriro uvaho gato bigahomba za miliyari, nk’ibigo bibika amakuru, ibitunganya amabuye y’agaciro, ibikora ibicuruzwa ku buryo bugezweho n’ibindi.

Ati “Ni yo mpamvu natwe mu myaka iri imbere twifuza kuba dufite uruganda rutunganya ingufu za nucléaire. Twatangiye no gutekereza ibizakoresha uwo muriro mu gihe uzaba wabonetse, umushinga uterwe inkunga, binafashe mu iterambere ry’igihugu.”

Uruganda rutunganya Wolfram n’ububiko bw’amakuru bwa miliyari 5$

Uwase wavuze ko ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro n’ingufu za nucléaire ari nk’agati k’inkubirane.

Impamvu ni uko inganda za nucléaire zubakwa, amabuye y’agaciro n’ibiyakomokaho bibigiramo uruhare kuva ku byuma bikoreshwa kugera ku ikoranabuhanga ryisungwa.

Ati “Buri cyose mu kuzubaka ukeneye ibyuma bikomera, ukenera tungsten, ukenera amabuye y’agaciro atandukanye. Ariko na none urwego rw’ubucukuzi rwisunga ingufu za nucléaire zidatenguha abari muri iyi mirimo.”

U Rwanda na rwo rukataje guteza imbere urwego rw’ubucukuzi ruha akazi Abanyarwanda barenga ibihumbi 92, Uwase akavuga ko bashaka kwimakaza ikoranabuhanga muri rwo, ari yo mpamvu hakenewe amashanyarazi ahoraho.

Kugeza ubu u Rwanda rufite inganda zongerera agaciro amabuye y’agaciro nka zahabu, coltan na gasegereti, Uwase akagaragaza ko ariko hari ibigo byabaye bicumbitse uru rugendo kubera ko nta mashanyarazi ahagije igihugu gifite.

Ati “Dufashe nk’urugero, ubwoko bw’amabuye y’agaciro akenewe, wolfram ivamo tungsten ikenewe mu nganda zikora ibintu bitandukanye. Turayafite mu Rwanda. Twatangiye kuganira ku masezerano n’abagura amashanyarazi ku rugero runini […] tuvuga ko nitubona amashanyarazi ahagije mu Rwanda […] tuzafatanya gushyiraho uruganda rwongerera agaciro tungsten.”

U Rwanda rufite Wolfram nyinshi. Nko mu birombe bya Nyakabingo hava toni 1000. Ni cyo kirombe cya mbere muri Afurika gicukurwamo amabuye menshi nk’ayo. Biteganyijwe ko mu myaka ine iri imbere uwo musaruro uzaba warikubye kabiri.

Uwase ati “Icyiza cya ‘Small Modular Reactors:SMR’ ni uko yakwagurwa. Iyo dufashe amabuye yo mu bwoko bumwe hari inzira zitandukanye zo kuyatunganya. Bisobanuye ko bisaba ingufu nyinshi. Niba ushaka gukomeza gutera imbere bisaba ko unateza imbere ya mashanyarazi.”

Agaragaza uburyo amashanyarazi adahoraho ahombya, yavuze ko ubu ibirombe bikoresha za ‘générateurs’ kugira ngo imirimo ihoreho, bitaba ibyo ibikorwa bigahagarara, akagaragaza uburyo inganda nto zitunganya nucléaire (SMR) zizaba ari ingenzi muri ibi bikorwa mu kongera umusaruro nta guhagarara.

Ati “Dufite uruganda rushongesha gasegereti. Buri kwezi bakoresha megawatt 280 ariko bakagira umusaruro udatunganyije usigara. N’iyo bari gushongesha gasegereti ivamo tin na bwo hagaragara ibyo bikoresho bindi bifatwa nk’umwanda kandi habaye hariho amashanyarazi ahagije babibyazamo umusaruro. Mu gihe twongera inganda tuzakenera amashanyarazi ahoraho kandi ahagije aturuka mu ngufu za nucléaire.”

Minisitiri Ingabire yavuze ko urwego rw’ibigo bibika amakuru rutera imbere ku rugero rwa 35% buri mwaka ndetse ko u Rwanda ruri gukorana n’abafatanyabikorwa mu gukomeza kwagura uru rwego.

Yavuze ko u Rwanda rushaka gushora imari ya miliyari 5$ mu bubiko bw’amakuru bukoresha megawatt 100 z’ingufu.

Ati “Ni ha handi ushobora kwizera ko wabona miliyoni 220$ ku mwaka. Imibare irivugira. Ni gute twakwemeza abashoramari bagakora ishoramari nk’iri ?”

Minisitiri Ingabire yatanze urugero rw’ubwo bubiko bw’amakuru u Rwanda rushaka gushoramo imari, avuga ko n’iyo byaba ububiko bukoresha ingufu za megawatt eshanu bizasaba ko ingufu z’amashanyarazi buzakoresha ku mwaka zigera kuri kilowatt miliyoni 45.

Ati “Izo ni miliyoni zirenga 30$ zinjira. Iyo gushaka kumenya ibigo bikeneye ingufu, ugomba kumenya ko utakoze ikosa na rimwe ryo kuba ufite umuntu umwe wishingikirizaho ushaka abantu benshi bagura ibikorwa bakaza. Barahari benshi, Amazon, Google, bose barashaka ingufu zitangiza.”

Yibukije ko uretse ububiko bw’amakuru na AI, n’uburyo bw’itumanaho nk’iminara buri mu bitwara amashanyarazi menshi yo mu miyoboro migari, ko amafaranga yifashishwa kugira ngo ikore ari hagati ya 30 na 50% aba ari ay’amashanyarazi.

Mu mpera za 2025, mu Rwanda rwabaruraga iminara y’itumanaho 1781 ikoreshwa kuri internet nziramugozi n’insinga zo munsi y’ubutaka zikwirakwiza internet (fibre optique) zireshya na kilometero 24.949.

Icyo gihe Minisitiri Ingabire yari yavuze ko u Rwanda rukeneye iminara irenga 2500 yiyongera ku yo rusanganywe kugira ngo internet igezwe mu gihugu cyose. Ni ishoramari rizakenera n’amashanyarazi menshi kugira ngo bigerweho.