Ese politiki y’uburinganire ku isoko ry’umurimo iri kugira ingaruka ki ku kubaka imiryango n’imibereho y’urubyiruko?

Mu myaka yashize, u Rwanda rwakomeje kuvugwa nk’igihugu cyateye intambwe ikomeye mu guteza imbere ihame ry’uburinganire hagati y’abagore n’abagabo, cyane cyane mu miyoborere no mu myanya ifatirwamo ibyemezo. Raporo mpuzamahanga zitandukanye zakomeje kugaragaza u Rwanda nk’urugero rwiza rw’uburyo abagore bashyizwe imbere nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, cyane cyane mu rwego rwa politiki, ubuyobozi ndetse no ku isoko ry’umurimo.

Inkuru yasohowe n’ikinyamakuru lemonde.fr ku wa 14 Nyakanga 2024 yagaragaje ko abagore bafite hejuru ya 61% by’imyanya mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda, ibintu iki kinyamakuru cyafashe nk’ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’uko igihugu cyahisemo gushyigikira ihame ry’uburinganire no kongerera abagore uruhare mu miyoborere.

Mu buryo bwa politiki n’amategeko, ibi byafashwe nk’inkuru y’intsinzi. Ariko inyuma y’iyi shusho y’iterambere, hari ikibazo bamwe batangiye kwibazaho bucece: ese impinduka ziri kuba ku isoko ry’umurimo hagati y’abagore n’abagabo zifite izihe ngaruka ku mibereho y’urubyiruko, ku kubaka ingo no ku buryo sosiyete nyarwanda ikomeza kwiyubaka?

Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye kuko ubukungu bw’igihugu budasobanurwa gusa n’imibare y’abafite akazi cyangwa imyanya y’ubuyobozi. Bunasobanurwa n’uko abantu bashobora kubaka ubuzima bwabo, gushinga imiryango, kurera abana no kugira uruhare mu iterambere rusange.

Raporo ya statistics.gov.rw yiswe “Labour Force Survey Q1 2024” yasohotse ku wa 16 Nzeri 2024, yagaragaje ko abagabo bafite akazi bari kuri 60.9% mu gihe abagore bari kuri 46.3%. Iyo raporo kandi yerekanye ko ubushomeri buri hejuru mu bagore kurusha abagabo, aho abagore bari kuri 14.5% mu gihe abagabo bari kuri 11.5%.

Ku ruhande rumwe, iyi mibare ishobora gutuma bamwe bavuga ko abagabo bagifite amahirwe menshi ku isoko ry’umurimo kurusha abagore. Ariko hari abandi bavuga ko ikibazo nyamukuru kidakwiye kureberwa gusa mu mibare y’abafite akazi cyangwa abatagafite, ahubwo ko hakwiye no kurebwa uburyo akazi k’umuntu kagira ingaruka ku muryango no kuri sosiyete muri rusange.

Hari bamwe mu basesenguzi b’imibereho bavuga ko ikibazo cy’ubushomeri bw’abasore gikwiye kurebwa mu buryo bwagutse kurushaho. Batanga urugero rw’umuntu wafata abasore 100 akabaha akazi. Uretse kuba aba abafashije kuva mu bushomeri no kwigobotora ubukene, bavuga ko aba anubatse urwego rwagutse rw’ingaruka nziza ku muryango nyarwanda. Mu buryo bw’imibereho gakondo bukiriho kugeza ubu, umusore ufite akazi n’ubushobozi akenshi atangira gutekereza ku kubaka urugo, gufasha ababyeyi, kurera abana no gushora imari mu bikorwa by’iterambere.

Abashyigikira iyi mitekerereze bavuga ko akazi k’umusore gakunze kugira icyo bamwe bita “social multiplier effect,” bivuze ko inyungu z’akazi ke zitagarukira kuri we gusa. Bavuga ko umusore ufite akazi ashobora gufasha ababyeyi, agashinga urugo, akita ku mugore n’abana ndetse akazagera n’aho atanga akazi ku bandi cyangwa agashora imari mu bikorwa by’iterambere.

Iyi mitekerereze kandi ishingira ku kuba no muri iki gihe, mu muryango nyarwanda no mu bindi bihugu byinshi, abagabo bagikomeza kurebwa nk’abafite inshingano nyinshi zo gutanga umutekano n’icyizere cy’ubukungu mu rugo. Nubwo isi iri guhinduka, imibare n’imibereho ya buri munsi biracyerekana ko abagore benshi bagikunda gushaka abagabo bafite ubushobozi buruta ubwabo cyangwa nibura bungana n’ubwo bo bafite, bityo ku nta mugore wishimira gushaka umugabo arusha ubushobozi.

Mu bushakashatsi bwinshi bwakorewe mu Burayi no muri Amerika, hagaragajwe ko abagore benshi bagikururwa n’abagabo bafite “economic stability,” cyangwa ubukungu bwisumbuye ( abakire) mu gihe abasore benshi na bo bagaragaza impungenge zo kubaka urugo igihe bumva badafite ubushobozi buhagije. Ibi bituma ikibazo cy’ubushomeri bw’abasore kiba ikibazo kirenze kubura amafaranga gusa.

Raporo ya NISR yiswe “Labour Force Survey Q4 2024” yasohotse ku wa 27 Mutarama 2025 yagaragaje ko ubushomeri mu rubyiruko ruri hagati y’imyaka 16 na 30 bukiri hejuru cyane. Iyo raporo yerekanye ko ubushomeri muri uru rubyiruko buri kuri 18%, ibintu byatumye bamwe mu basesenguzi batangira kwibaza ku ngaruka ibi bishobora kugira ku muryango nyarwanda mu myaka iri imbere.

Mu bihugu byinshi byo ku isi, ikibazo cyiswe “male economic displacement” cyatangiye kuvugwa cyane. Ni ikibazo gishingiye ku kuba abagabo bamwe baratangiye gusigara inyuma mu burezi no ku isoko ry’umurimo bitewe n’impinduka z’ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga. Mu nkuru zitandukanye zasohowe n’ibinyamakuru mpuzamahanga nka Economic.com na Theatlantic.com, hagaragajwe ko kugabanuka kw’ubushobozi bw’abagabo ku isoko ry’umurimo bifitanye isano no kugabanuka kw’abashaka kubaka ingo, kwiyongera kw’agahinda gakabije, ibiyobyabwenge ndetse n’ubwigunge mu rubyiruko rw’abagabo.

Nubwo mu Rwanda iki kibazo kitarakorwaho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku rwego rumwe n’ibihugu bikize, hari bamwe bavuga ko hari ibimenyetso bishobora gutuma na cyo gitangira kwitabwaho. Mu gihe gahunda nyinshi za leta n’iz’abafatanyabikorwa zikomeje gushyira imbaraga mu guteza imbere umukobwa mu burezi no mu kazi, hari abasore bamwe bavuga ko batangiye kumva barasigaye inyuma cyangwa ko amahirwe yabo agenda agabanuka.

Icyakora, hari abandi banyomoza cyane iyi mitekerereze. Bavuga ko ikibazo kidakwiye gushyirwa ku bagore cyangwa ku mahirwe bahabwa. Aba bavuga ko no guha abakobwa cyangwa abagore akazi bigira inyungu nini ku muryango no ku bukungu bw’igihugu. Berekana ko abagore benshi muri iki gihe batunga imiryango, bafasha ababyeyi babo, bishyurira amashuri abana ndetse banashinga business zitanga akazi ku bandi.

Hari n’abasesenguzi bavuga ko ikibazo nyamukuru atari uko abagore bari kubona amahirwe menshi, ahubwo ko isi iri guhindura uburyo ubukungu bukoramo. Imirimo myinshi mishya iri kuboneka yiganje mu nzego za services, uburezi, ubuzima n’ikoranabuhanga, aho abagore bakunze kwitwara neza cyangwa bakitabira cyane. Mu gihe kimwe, imirimo ya gakondo yakundwaga n’abagabo nk’inganda cyangwa imirimo ishingiye ku mbaraga z’umubiri iri kugenda igabanuka cyangwa igasaba ubumenyi bushya (AI).

Abandi bavuga ko ikibazo nyamukuru kiri mu kuba sosiyete iri guhinduka ariko imyumvire gakondo y’urukundo n’ishingwa ry’ingo igahinduka ku kigero cyo hasi kandi biguruntege. Niba umugore agenda arushaho kwigenga mu bukungu ariko abagabo benshi bagikura bumva ko bagomba kuba abafite ubushobozi burenze ubw’abo bashakanye kugira ngo bumve bafite agaciro, bishobora guteza tension nshya mu mibanire hagati y’igitsina gabo n’igitsina gore.

Ibi ni byo bituma impaka ku buringanire zikomeza kuba ndende kandi zitoroshye. Kuko ikibazo nyamukuru atari ukumenya niba abagore bakwiye amahirwe cyangwa niba abagabo bayakwiye kurusha abandi. Ikibazo gikomeye ni ukumenya uburyo iterambere ryubakwa ku buryo ridatera icyiciro kimwe cy’urubyiruko kumva cyarasigaye inyuma.

Mu gihe isi ikomeje guhinduka, ikibazo cyo guhuza uburinganire, ubukungu n’ishingwa ry’imiryango gishobora kuzaba kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye sosiyete nyarwanda izasabwa gutekerezaho mu myaka iri imbere. Kuko iterambere rirambye ridashingiye gusa ku mibare y’abafite akazi cyangwa imyanya y’ubuyobozi, ahubwo rishingira no ku bushobozi bw’abantu bwo kubaho bafite icyizere, kubaka imiryango ihamye no kugira uruhare mu buzima bw’igihugu cyabo. Ba uwa mbere ku makuru yacu https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vad5UfC89inh67apBK2j